Fluoride exposure causes chronic kidney disease
Dharmaratne RW. Fluoride in drinking water and diet: the causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Environ Health Prev Med. 2015 Jul;20(4):237-42.
Fluoride does not play an beneficial role in human physiology and many studies have proved that the metal element is toxic to cells such as neurons and can induce dental and skeletal fluorosis among other things. Exposure to fluoride has also been associated with lower IQ and increased risk of bone cancer in boys.
A report released in 2015 says that there is a direct "connection" between high fluoride levels in drinking water and kidney disease in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The author believes that the fluoride tainted drinking water and locally grown foods are the causes for chronic kidney diseases in Sri Lanka
Fluoride induces oxidative stress, damage the bone, liver and kidney
Mohamed NE. The Role of Calcium in Ameliorating the Oxidative Stress of Fluoride in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016 Mar;170(1):128-44.
A new study conducted in Egypt and reported in 2016 in Biol Trace Elem Res. shows that exposure to fluoride can induce oxidative stress and cause damage to the femur bone, the liver and kidney in adult female albino rats.
The dose of sodium fluoride used for the study was 20 mg/kg body weight, three times per week for 30 of 60 days. Calcium carbonate was used in a dose of 50 mg/kg two hours prior to the administration of fluoride drinking water three times per week for 30 or 60 days.
Animals exposed to fluoride were found to significantly increase "the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, parathormone, phosphorous, magnesium, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase" while significantly decreasing "serum estradiol, calcium, and organ glutathione".
Additionally, fluoride treatment was found to cause the thinning of bone trabeculae among other negative impacts in the femur bone and some damages in the hepatic and renal tissues.
Supplementation with calcium carbonate reduced the toxicity of fluoride.
Spirulina and Tamarind fruit pulp protects fluoride induced damage to the kidney
Yadav N, Sharma S, Sharma Kp, Pandey A, Pareek P, Sharma S. Protective role of diet supplements Spirulina and Tamarind fruit pulp on kidney in sodium fluoride exposed Swiss albino mice: Histological and biochemical indices. Indian J Exp Biol. 2016 Jan;54(1):44-55.
A new Indian study demonstrated that ingesting high levels of fluoride can cause damages to tissues and organs, and supplementation of spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp can reduce the toxicity of fluoride.
For the study, sodium fluoride was used in a dose of either 190 mg/kg bw for seven days or 94 mg/k bw for 90 days. Spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp in a dose of 230 mg/kg body weight were used individually or in combination.
Mice treated with fluoride decreased feed intake (3 to 43%), body weight (4 to 18%) and kidney weight (5 to 12%) while increasing intake of water by 4 to 43%.
Mice treated with fluoride suffered "histopathological changes in the cortical region of kidney in fluoride treated mice were as follows: dilation of bowman's capsule and thickening of its parietal and visceral layer; alterations in glomeruli size and their sclerotization; increase in bowman's space; proliferation of mesangial cells; reduction in podocyte counts; and dilation of proximal and distal tubules."
Fluoride exposure also changed tissue biochemistry such as proteins and enzymes and increased urea (23-58%) and serum creatinine content (14-127%). High fluoride exposure is more toxic. Dietary supplementation reduced fluoride toxicity.
Previous dtuies also suggested that quercetin, a compound that can be found in apples, and vitamin C can help ameliorate the damaging effects (oxidative stress) of fluoride. (David Liu)
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