Background on vitamin C: most animals make their own, but humans, guinea pigs and some birds must eat it. The piece recounts naval surgeon Joseph Lind's 1753 shipboard experiment, in which two sailors given oranges and a lemon recovered from scurvy while controls did not.
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Vitamins
Research on vitamins A through K, deficiencies and supplementation.
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Vitamins
Vitamin B12 in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate & End-Stage Renal Disease
A technical background section on vitamin B12 for patients with low glomerular filtration rate and end-stage renal disease, tracing how dietary cobalamin is bound, absorbed in the distal ileum and converted into its two active forms, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin.
Vitamins
Vitamins B7 and B9 in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate & End-Stage Renal Disease
A reference summary of vitamin B7 (biotin): a carboxylase cofactor largely supplied by gut bacteria, with deficiency rare outside heavy raw egg white intake, dietary sources including yeast, liver, egg yolk and soybeans, an RDA of 20 to 35 mcg, and low apparent toxicity.
Vitamins
Vitamins B5 and B6 in People with low glomerular filtration rate & end-stage renal disease
A reference note on two B vitamins in kidney disease: pantothenic acid occurs in nearly all foods, measured normal in dialysis patients in the 1960s, and supplementation is likely not indicated for low GFR or end-stage renal disease. Vitamin B6's forms and roles follow.
Vitamins
Vitamin B2 and B3 in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate & End-Stage Renal Disease
A reference note on riboflavin: it forms the coenzymes FMN and FAD, the RDA is 1.3 mg daily for men and 1.1 mg for women, and no toxicity is known. In 43 hemodialysis patients on a low-dose supplement, the EGRac measure of status was normal, though about 10% had insufficient EGRo values.
Vitamins
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate & End-Stage Renal Disease
Thiamine works as a coenzyme in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and comes from enriched, fortified and whole grain foods, with an RDA of 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women. Deficiency causes lactic acidosis, neuropathy and congestive heart failure.
Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate or On Dialysis: A Review
A review finds people with low kidney function or on dialysis risk vitamin deficiency from poor intake, dietary restrictions and losses into the dialysate. It judges B1 and low-dose vitamin C supplements likely helpful, questions B2 and B3; high-dose B6, B9 and B12 trials showed no benefit.
Vitamins
Vitamin C lowers risk of stomach cancer
Chinese participants with the highest serum vitamin C were 31% less likely to be diagnosed with stomach cancer than those with the lowest, and each 20 µmol/L increase was tied to a 14% lower risk. No association appeared with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Vitamins
Vitamins prevent cognitive decline
Among 78 octogenarians and 220 centenarians, serum lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene tracked with better cognition, and brain tissue from 47 decedents showed the same for lutein and beta-carotene. Alpha-tocopherol related less closely, arguing against a purely antioxidant effect.
Vitamins
B vitamins help prevent colorectal cancer
Among 88,045 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative, the highest vitamin B-6 intakes tracked with 20 percent lower colorectal cancer risk and riboflavin with 19 percent lower. Dietary folate was tied to higher risk among women through early fortification years.
Vitamins
Vitamin D deficiency can cause high blood pressure
Mice fed a vitamin D deficient diet developed raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high serum renin and less urinary sodium excretion, and on a high-fat diet had two to eight times more atherosclerosis than vitamin D sufficient mice. PLoS One authors call replacement a potential therapy.
Vitamins
Prediagnosis vitamin C reduces breast cancer death risk
Among 3,405 Swedish women with invasive breast cancer followed more than 10 years, those in the top quartile of pre-diagnosis vitamin C intake were 25 percent less likely to die of the disease. Vitamin C taken after diagnosis showed no link to mortality.
Vitamins
Multivitamins with minerals supplements cut invasive breast cancer death risk
Among 7,728 postmenopausal Women's Health Initiative participants diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and followed a mean of 7.1 years, those using multivitamins with minerals had a 26 to 30 percent lower risk of dying of the disease. The authors say the finding requires confirmation.
Vitamins
Vitamin D deficiency linked to low bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis
A study from Xiamen University found vitamin D deficiency associated with higher disease activity and lower bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis patients, suggesting the deficiency may worsen the disease as well as the bone loss already linked to it.
Vitamins
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 helps fight hepatitis C virus production
Matsumura and colleagues report in Hepatology that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, but not vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, reduced hepatitis C core antigen levels dose-dependently, apparently by blocking infectious virus assembly rather than entry or replication.
Vitamins
Choline helps cognitive function in those with traumatic brain injury
A Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine study found choline supplements improved cognitive function in rats with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Earlier work by the same group saw better results in rats fed a 2 percent choline diet before and after injury.
Vitamins
Low vitamin D linked to high risk of Alzheimer's disease
In a Danish cohort of 10,186 people followed up to 30 years, those with plasma vitamin D below 25 nmol/L were 25 percent more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than those above 50 nmol/L, and those below 50 nmol/L were 22 percent more likely to develop vascular dementia.
Vitamins
Vitamin D prevents infection - new study
In a trial of 644 Australians aged 60 to 84, those given 60,000 IU of vitamin D3 monthly were 28 percent less likely than the placebo group to be prescribed antibiotics at least once. Among participants aged 70 and older, the reduction approached 50 percent.
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